الرئيسية » ثقافة وفنون » آثار وتراث »

第一位会见法国国王路易十四的中国人沈福宗画像「凡尔赛宫访客展」展出

Tsai Hsiao-ying
巴黎凡尔赛宫正在展出「1682-1789年凡尔赛宫访客展」 ( Les visiteurs de Versailles 1682 – 1789 ),展品中有位来自中国的访客肖像版画,他就是历史上第一位会见法国国王路易十四的中国人沈福宗(1657-1692)
路易十四曾将凡尔赛宫打造成欧洲十七世紀最辉煌的宫殿,并向各国大使、艺术家、作家、学者、建筑师等精英敞开大门
從1686年暹罗王国大使到1788年印度迈索尔王国大使,各大陸的代表来到凡尔赛宫,除了讚頌它的华丽外,也伺机观察凡尔赛宫展现的流行趨势及富裕
「1682-1789年凡尔赛宫访客展」,展出包括画作、宫廷服饰、挂毯、瓷器、信件、书籍等,和各国大使、王子、访客们参访凡尔赛宫所带来的礼物,以及当时的服装约300件展品,呈现了当时作为外交中心的凡尔赛宫接待的名人和盛况
1684年,「太阳王」路易十四得知有一中国人在欧洲,便邀请沈福宗访问法国。现藏巴黎法国国家图书馆版画部的这张《沈福宗像》版画,应是9月26日路易十四宴请沈福宗的宴会上法国宫廷画家所画
沈福宗头戴笠帽露出长辫,身着清代长袍及外套,右手拿毛笔左手持写有「天主圣教」四个字的纸轴,当时法国人拼他的名字为Chin Fo Cum
版画下方以法文介绍沈福宗是「中国人,出生于南京,双亲都是基督徒。受洗时教名为米歇尔( Michel),接受坚信礼时称为阿尔方索(Alphonse)。1684年他随耶稣会中国传教会委派的耶稣会士柏应理来到欧洲,途経法国时,他有幸觐见国王并在陛下面前用中国方式进食。他曾在罗马亲吻教皇的脚」
父母双方都信奉天主教,沈福宗受过良好的传统文化教育,与法兰德斯籍耶稣会士柏应理(Philippe Couplet,1622-1693)相识后,学会拉丁文并初步认识天主教。1681年,柏应理奉命前往欧洲向罗马教廷报告康熙皇帝对仪礼问题的态度,沈福宗随柏应理自澳门登船,于1682年抵达葡萄牙首都里斯本
1684年,年方27岁的沈福宗和柏应理应「太阳王」路易十四邀请于9月15日来到凡尔赛宫,会面时,路易十四向沈福宗提出有关中国社交和礼仪的各种问题,沈福宗则用拉丁语对答如流
沈福宗赠送路易十四《大学》、《中庸》和《论语》的拉丁文译版,并请求在法国出版,还将孔子、康熙皇帝等人的画像展示给法国君臣看
作为回报,太陽王下令打开凡尔赛宫花园中的所有喷泉,让中国客人尽情欣赏。沈福宗磕头致谢,行三跪九叩之礼,国王再三劝阻
9月26日,路易十四宴请沈福宗,宴会上,路易十四听他用中文念主祷文,还问沈福宗如何使用中国餐具,沈福宗拿起桌上从中国进口的镶金象牙筷,当场展示筷子的使用方法,并用拉丁文讲述中国的餐饮文化。路易十四见过中国书法作品,好奇怎麽写出的,沈福宗立即取出随身携带的文房四宝,让路易十四看他当场示范用毛笔写书法,宮廷画家就是当下取景制作版画
展场裡的解说就有1684年9月份的《文雅信使》  (Mercure Galant)报纸的编辑Jean-Baptiste Nolin(1657-1708)写道:柏应理「带来的中国青年名叫Michel Xin(1957-1692),参加了1684年的皇家餐宴…路易十四藉机要他用中文念祈祷文,之后,要他使用餐桌上的餐盘,好了解中国人用两根小筷子吃饭的轻巧和乾淨…他用右手将筷子夹在两指中间」
法国当时正流行「中国风」,沈福宗的适时到来,结识了一些法国贵族、政府要员和社会名流,对中西文化交流做出重要贡献
当时也有报道称赞中国文字有八万字,需费时三十年才能熟习,可见中国人记忆力强和想象力丰富,還表示中国有很多学校和救济院,不见有乞丐。也提到双亲故世后,即埋在平地上,礼节隆重,并须叩头
路易十四后来资助了《论语》的翻译,1687年题为《中国哲人孔夫子》的拉丁文著作在巴黎出版,该书副标题是「用拉丁文表述的中国学说」,注明是奉路易大王敕命刊行,东方传教团提供资助,皇家图书馆非营利出售,皇家特许印刷厂印刷等
路易十四支持的这本翻译书,影響了17、18世纪的欧洲人對中国文化的了解,法国启蒙运动思想家伏尔泰在《风俗论》一书中介绍孔子学说时评价:「孔子为天地之灵气所钟,他分别真理与迷信,而站在真理一边;他不媚帝王、不好淫色,实为天下唯一师表。」
德国哲学家莱布尼茨也對巴黎出版的中国哲学王孔子的著作,盛讚孔子「有着熠熠闪光的思想和格言」

Photo: Tsai Hsiao-ying

اقرأ للكاتب نفس:

اُكتب تعليقك (Your comment):

صحافة اسرائيل

إعلان

خاص «برس - نت»

صفحة رأي

مدونات الكتاب

آخر التعليقات

    أخبار بووم على الفيسبوك

    تابعنا على تويتر

    Translate »
    We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners.
    Cookies settings
    Accept
    Privacy & Cookie policy
    Privacy & Cookies policy
    Cookie name Active

    Privacy Policy

    What information do we collect?

    We collect information from you when you register on our site or place an order. When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you may be asked to enter your: name, e-mail address or mailing address.

    What do we use your information for?

    Any of the information we collect from you may be used in one of the following ways: To personalize your experience (your information helps us to better respond to your individual needs) To improve our website (we continually strive to improve our website offerings based on the information and feedback we receive from you) To improve customer service (your information helps us to more effectively respond to your customer service requests and support needs) To process transactions Your information, whether public or private, will not be sold, exchanged, transferred, or given to any other company for any reason whatsoever, without your consent, other than for the express purpose of delivering the purchased product or service requested. To administer a contest, promotion, survey or other site feature To send periodic emails The email address you provide for order processing, will only be used to send you information and updates pertaining to your order.

    How do we protect your information?

    We implement a variety of security measures to maintain the safety of your personal information when you place an order or enter, submit, or access your personal information. We offer the use of a secure server. All supplied sensitive/credit information is transmitted via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology and then encrypted into our Payment gateway providers database only to be accessible by those authorized with special access rights to such systems, and are required to?keep the information confidential. After a transaction, your private information (credit cards, social security numbers, financials, etc.) will not be kept on file for more than 60 days.

    Do we use cookies?

    Yes (Cookies are small files that a site or its service provider transfers to your computers hard drive through your Web browser (if you allow) that enables the sites or service providers systems to recognize your browser and capture and remember certain information We use cookies to help us remember and process the items in your shopping cart, understand and save your preferences for future visits, keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. We may contract with third-party service providers to assist us in better understanding our site visitors. These service providers are not permitted to use the information collected on our behalf except to help us conduct and improve our business. If you prefer, you can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies via your browser settings. Like most websites, if you turn your cookies off, some of our services may not function properly. However, you can still place orders by contacting customer service. Google Analytics We use Google Analytics on our sites for anonymous reporting of site usage and for advertising on the site. If you would like to opt-out of Google Analytics monitoring your behaviour on our sites please use this link (https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout/)

    Do we disclose any information to outside parties?

    We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information. This does not include trusted third parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting our business, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others rights, property, or safety. However, non-personally identifiable visitor information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, or other uses.

    Registration

    The minimum information we need to register you is your name, email address and a password. We will ask you more questions for different services, including sales promotions. Unless we say otherwise, you have to answer all the registration questions. We may also ask some other, voluntary questions during registration for certain services (for example, professional networks) so we can gain a clearer understanding of who you are. This also allows us to personalise services for you. To assist us in our marketing, in addition to the data that you provide to us if you register, we may also obtain data from trusted third parties to help us understand what you might be interested in. This ‘profiling’ information is produced from a variety of sources, including publicly available data (such as the electoral roll) or from sources such as surveys and polls where you have given your permission for your data to be shared. You can choose not to have such data shared with the Guardian from these sources by logging into your account and changing the settings in the privacy section. After you have registered, and with your permission, we may send you emails we think may interest you. Newsletters may be personalised based on what you have been reading on theguardian.com. At any time you can decide not to receive these emails and will be able to ‘unsubscribe’. Logging in using social networking credentials If you log-in to our sites using a Facebook log-in, you are granting permission to Facebook to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth and location which will then be used to form a Guardian identity. You can also use your picture from Facebook as part of your profile. This will also allow us and Facebook to share your, networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Facebook account settings. If you remove the Guardian app from your Facebook settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a Google log-in, you grant permission to Google to share your user details with us. This will include your name, email address, date of birth, sex and location which we will then use to form a Guardian identity. You may use your picture from Google as part of your profile. This also allows us to share your networks, user ID and any other information you choose to share according to your Google account settings. If you remove the Guardian from your Google settings, we will no longer have access to this information. If you log-in to our sites using a twitter log-in, we receive your avatar (the small picture that appears next to your tweets) and twitter username.

    Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Compliance

    We are in compliance with the requirements of COPPA (Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act), we do not collect any information from anyone under 13 years of age. Our website, products and services are all directed to people who are at least 13 years old or older.

    Updating your personal information

    We offer a ‘My details’ page (also known as Dashboard), where you can update your personal information at any time, and change your marketing preferences. You can get to this page from most pages on the site – simply click on the ‘My details’ link at the top of the screen when you are signed in.

    Online Privacy Policy Only

    This online privacy policy applies only to information collected through our website and not to information collected offline.

    Your Consent

    By using our site, you consent to our privacy policy.

    Changes to our Privacy Policy

    If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page.
    Save settings
    Cookies settings