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世界盃足球赛 : 中国除了足球队没去,其他都去了

Tsai Hsiao-ying
2018世界杯足球赛开幕式,中国央视记者报导,“ 这次世界杯中国除了足球队没去,其他都去了”,一时成为本届世界杯最火红的用语。s
确实,除了球队,中国能去俄罗斯的都去了……7万至10万中国球迷前往俄罗斯观赛,连最当红的特色美味小龙虾,也远征俄罗斯,中国企业对世界盃的贊助金额超过4亿美元,比赛场地的许多设备来自中国企业,遑论特使和媒体。s
今年是中国企业首次进入世界杯顶级贊助商的一年,到处充斥 “中国製造”产品。从户外转播赛事的LED大型显示屏、到球场内的比赛用球,球迷们在赛事休息期间喜爱品尝的冰激凌,无一例外,都是“中国製造”。s
主要原因之一是,国际足联2015年曝出受贿和腐败丑闻,主席塞普·布拉特(Sepp Blatter)下台,并导致全世界30多名足球界人物遭到起诉。 而今年的主办国俄罗斯因为在外国领土上毒杀一名前间谍和其女儿、煽动叙利亚和乌克兰战争,并干预西方选举等动作,备受西方严厉指责。  西方着名品牌如大陆(Continental)、强生(Johnson & Johnson)、嘉实多(Castrol)等长期支持国际足联的企业因而选择放弃贊助。s
贊助是国际足联除电视转播权以外最大的收入来源,2016年因为企业的抵制,国际足联损失三亿六千九百万美元。中国企业没有西方企业的道德观,趁虚而入获得前所未有的大好商机,中国企业得以在全球推广自己的品牌,还能炫耀自己的爱国精神。万达的首席执行官王健林不讳言,“ 因为一些西方公司退出了,我们才有了机会”。s
今年世界盃的十七个贊助商中,中国企业佔据了5个席位,被中国媒体称为“另一支中国队” 的企业,打破中国企业贊助世界盃的记录,也打破了昔日美国、日本等国企业在奥运会、世界盃等国际体育盛事中佔据贊助席位优势的局面。对于打算申办2030年世界盃的中国而言,大量中国贊助商支持国际足联,不失为一个好的开端。s
中国国足从未在世界盃上踢进过一个球,也不在今年的32支参赛队伍之列,但中国仍认为自己是足球的未来,甚至追溯足球的历史到中国古代的球类游戏“蹴鞠”,并以1958年7月,国际足联前任主席阿维兰热博士到中国时表示,足球起源于中国,以及2004年初,国际足联主席布拉特在亚洲杯开幕式上宣布世界足球起源于中国淄博临淄,佐证足球的故乡是中国。s
挟洋人以自重,中国大众乃至学者,都相当重视布拉特肯定中国古代足球—“ 蹴鞠”的历史贡献,“ 蹴鞠”是中国古代的一种球类游戏:“ 蹴”指用脚踢,“ 鞠”是皮制的球,两个字连在一起就是用脚踢球的意思。s
据史料《战国策·齐策》记载:“ 其民无不吹竿鼓瑟,弹琴击筑,斗鸡走狗,六博蹋鞠者 ”,说明在当时齐国的首都临淄,蹴鞠属于一种带有博彩性质的全民娱乐项目。s
汉代是蹴鞠活动发展的高潮期,不仅继承前代娱乐性蹴鞠,还出现了表演性蹴鞠、竞赛性蹴鞠,并被用于军中练兵。《汉书·艺文志》中着录有《蹴鞠二十五篇》,《西京杂技》也记载,刘邦作了皇帝,将父亲接到长安,他却闷闷不乐,因为失去昔日斗鸡、蹴鞠的玩伴。于是刘邦特地建立专门踢球的场所鞠城,并迁父亲故友入内陪玩蹴鞠,并用于士兵踢球训练。s
唐代皇帝们喜欢打马球和踢足球,上有所好,下必甚焉,相沿成风,蹴鞠也逐渐摆脱军事训练功能,成为纯粹的娱乐休闲项目。这是唐宋时期蹴鞠运动兴盛的重要因素。s
元代关汉卿等人的散曲中记述了男女对踢足球的情景,是以妇女踢球作为一种伎艺供他人欣赏。萨都刺《妓女蹴鞠》散曲中说:“毕罢了歌舞花前宴,习学成齐云天下圆”。踢球和歌舞一样,都是宴会上的伎艺。s
宋、元时期还对蹴鞠进行了相关的理论归纳和总结,着有《蹴鞠图谱》、《事林广记・戊集》卷七和《蹴鞠谱》,是目前保存下来的最古老的足球技术专着。s
元末明初,踢球仍是民间娱乐,直到有一天朱元璋下达了禁球令,“蹴鞠者卸脚”,因为士兵们已将踢球结合赌博、嫖娼。满清入关之后,顺治帝口头上禁球,到了乾隆帝,干脆明文规定官吏军民诸人,一律不准蹴鞠。s
儘管中国有关蹴鞠的文献洋洋洒洒,英国作家大卫.哥德布拉特(David Goldblatt)研究多年世界足球运动,就质疑中国蹴鞠,是否 “毫无疑问” 属人类最早的足球运动:s
“ 蹴鞠与其衍生的变体,真如布拉特先生和中国体育当局宣称,是足球的前身吗?放在古代球戏历史来看,这几项运动的特别之处在于,它们主要都是足踢的游戏,虽然有的不全然只用脚。但比起用手或其他身体部位,倾向用脚踢球的偏好,并不独见于蹴鞠,蹴鞠也并不因此而格外神圣。s
现今澳洲维多利亚省的原住民族之间,有一种名为『Marn Gook』的运动流传了几千年,依1840年代澳洲白人所写的纪录可以看出主要是一种踢球运动。玻里尼西亚和密克罗尼西亚,这两个太平洋群岛社会的原住民族也有自己的踢球运动,用露兜树叶缠绕做成球。”s
他以为,中国古代蹴鞠,是人类较早期诞生足球运动的地方“之一”,却未必是全球史上最早萌芽之处;以最古老足球运动来说,甚有可能是太平洋群岛的原住民,那代代相传的一套造球与踢球方式。s
也有研究指出,世界上第一个橡胶球是在公元前1500年的中美洲製作出来的,一千多年之后,大汉王朝蹴鞠才初具雏形。在中美洲,“球类游戏”是阿兹特克人、玛雅人宗教和日常生活的核心,其历史长达3000年之久;在希腊-罗马世界,一种叫做“哈巴斯托姆”类似橄榄球的游戏流行于罗马军团之中;澳大利亚人热爱的“马恩格鲁克”被认为是澳式足球的前身;非洲大陆上的“甘纳”已经有超过一千年的历史。除此之外,在其他地区都先先后后出现过各种各样的球类运动。s
无论起源说为何,德国专利局却确认第一场国际足球比赛发生在西元前50年,对手是中国和日本蹴鞠队。不过,在足球传到欧洲大陆之前,在世界其他地方,比如古埃及和哥伦比亚“大发现”之前的美洲,也有举行足球比赛的记录。s
而在乾隆驾崩的同一年代,在地球的另一边,1848年,伦敦,牛津和剑桥之间进行足球运动比赛的第一个文字形式的规则《剑桥规则》诞生。1863年10月26日,英国人在伦敦成立了世界上第一个足球运动组织 —— 英国足球协会,并统一足球规则,这一天是现代足球的诞生日, 现代足球从这里起步,并开始风靡全世界。s
沾沾自喜足球运动最早出现在中国,但足球现在成了中国的“国殇”,是中国民众茶馀饭后的“笑料”,也成为人们“内心永远的痛”,还怪起了下禁球令的朱元璋,让中国足球在世界抬不起头,特别是在不缺人,不差钱,国家富强,万众关注的当下。s
在过去几年裡,儘管国家主席习近平誓言要把中国打造成“足球超级大国”,将主办、参加,并渴望在2050年前赢得世界盃,但是中国男足的世界排名远在第73位,中国国家队唯一一次“史无前例、后无来者”如昙花一现般的现身日韩世界盃是在2002年。中国媒体自己分析,中国队固然必须有一定的水准,但东道主日、韩不用参加小组赛直接出线,让中国队少了对手。而当时担任亚足联竞赛委员会主席的张吉龙是中国人,他制定新的抽籤规则,也让中国与弱队同组。s
在国足被调侃的时候,国乒又被人拉出来与国足狠狠的对比的一番,无非就是“ 中国乒乓球谁都打不过,中国足球谁都打不过”,以前看球赛最放心的就是国乒和国足,一个是无情碾压,另一个也是无情碾压。“ 国乒不打球是因为他们不想打了,国足不打球是因为被淘汰了。”s
台湾中央社报导,北京资深球迷指出,“ 虽然中国在例如乒乓球(桌球)等运动上实力强大,但是其他国家并不看重,而足球几乎是全世界最重视、最能体现价值的运动,因此在中国就成了第一的运动。”s

“ 中国人当前最迷的运动就是足球,因为足球是世界第一的运动,场面大、气势恢弘,老百姓自然而然喜欢最好的”,但是迷恋足球、又投下巨大资源发展足球运动,中国足球队却一直拿不出好成绩,就成了攸关面子的荣誉问题。s

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