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中国加码金源非洲 惹来「新殖民主义」批判

Tsai Hsiao-ying
中非合作论坛北京峰会4日闭幕,中国当局除了加码金援非洲,还一再强调,中国与非洲合作「不含任何政治条件」。s
北京不带「政治条件」的援助,只是在跟西方援助做出表面上的区隔。《德国之音》採访德国发展援助政策研究所(DIE)学者格利姆(Sven Grimm)分析指出,不附带任何政治条件已成为中国对外援助的一大「卖点」,他认为,不质疑受援国的政治形态、治理和改革政治,非洲统治阶级仍很受用。s
德国莱比锡大学的发展经济学家卡佩尔(Robert Kappel)也以为,中国总是声称,不干涉别国内政。但是,中国却非常具有针对性地对政治进程施加影响,即便这种做法非常地隐蔽。s
德国知名社会学家阿舍(Helmut Asche)认为「不附带政治条件」,其实暗藏对欧洲援助非洲政策的抨击。s
中国对非洲的经济活动冲击了非洲旧有经济地缘版图,一定程度上打破西方大型企业垄断,在初期受到非洲国家的欢迎。相对于欧美非洲政策必须接受舆论监督、必须附加人权,新闻自由和民主价值等政治条件来说,中国没有这些坚持,打出不干涉内政、不附加政治条件口号,主动提出对非贷款,部份非洲国家因此适于专制国家黑箱作业的现实,倾向和中国合作,北京则乐见增加对外政经影响力。s
台湾《联合报》报导,中国放贷援助非洲着眼的是国家利益─参与并增加国际社会的话语权。非洲兄弟友邦使得中国在非洲区域政治愈来愈有影响力,特别是国际事务或联合国重大案件投票,以及事涉中国核心利益的南海、东海问题,非洲兄弟友邦都俯首称臣的听从中国旨意。s
卡佩尔认为,中国的这个策略已经奏效,在台湾问题上尤其明显:除了史瓦帝尼,所有的非洲国家都已经和台湾断交。「中国促使所有非洲国家在某种程度上只和北京方面合作,这裡就有着非常显着的政治影响力。」
阿舍也指出,中国要求对方必须与台湾断交的「一个中国原则」,就是一种政治条件的做法。《关于构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体的北京宣言》当中第八条就提到「论坛非方成员承诺继续坚定奉行一个中国原则,支持中国统一大业」,重申愿在一个中国原则基础上同所有非洲国家发展友好合作关係、分享中国发展机遇。s
中国国家主席习近平在中非合作论坛再度承诺,继2015年对非洲放贷600亿美元之后,将于未来3年再挹注600亿美元帮助非洲开发,作为「一带一路」基础建设计画的一环。s
外界忧虑中方投资会使非洲的债务失衡问题恶化,但习近平宣布免除与中国有外交关系的非洲最不发达国家、重债穷国、内陆发展中国家、小岛屿发展中国家截至2018年底到期未偿还政府间无息贷款债务,反击西方指责北京让非洲国家陷入债务困境。s
不过,法国《世界报》引述美国霍普金斯大学(Brookings Institution)中非研究所的资料,实际上只有三个由中国提供主要贷款的非洲国家存在债务问题,它们是刚果民主共和国、赞比亚以及吉布堤。s
此外,依据美国研究实验室「援助数据」(AidData)研究结果,中国外援多半不是直接补助,而是透过投资商业计画与贷款,最后被援助国需要连本带息归还。还不出债务的国家,主权堪虑。s
斯里兰卡的赫班托达港(Hambantota)就因该国无法归还北京数十亿美元,于2017年底,同意给予中资企业为期99年的特许经营权协议。中非峰会闭幕的隔天,斯里兰卡爆发万人游行,抗议现任政府卖国贪污。s
8月31日在北京举行记者会时,仅一家非洲媒体获得发问机会。《喀麦隆论坛报》记者提出,中国在非洲投资工程项目破坏了当地环境生态,而且一些中资公司在非洲只聘请中国人,不愿意聘僱当地劳工。s
西方国家批评中国掠夺非洲自然资源,甚至质疑意欲控制非洲,非洲区域内的国家也开始忧虑中国的影响力。s
肯尼亚报章亦发文质疑中国是否像以前的殖民国家般利用非洲,该国境内中国资金建造的铁路项目,被当地人批评债务问题以及穿过国家公园破坏环境。许多中国企业以低廉的价格向非洲国家出口自行车、手电筒、蜡烛、冰箱等各类消费品,破坏了非洲国家的工业化进程。吉布堤需向中国提供首个海外军事基地。s
由中国向非洲出口的「安哥拉模式」一再被提起,源于2004年中国对安哥拉的一笔20亿美元的「无条件」贷款,中国以不干涉内政和利率优惠等为诱饵,与安哥拉签约,换取以石油为抵押的贷款,且每次贷款都似为其企业带来一些当地资源的开採权。s
「安哥拉模式」使得中国在经济上,向非洲提供金融与技术援助,为非洲修建基础设施以换取非洲石油等矿产资源以及非洲市场;政治上政府与政府间秘密达成协议,以国家利益的名义,逃避舆论监督。s
美国智库「布鲁金斯研究所」也指出,中国挹注金钱的对象,通常是贪腐与法治情况较差的国家。中国对外撒钱,不仅心怀政治目的,可能助长非洲贪腐、剥削人民及滥权问题,跟习近平在国内打贪形象,构成鲜明而矛盾的对比。s
中国的「互利投资」策略,也惹来「新殖民主义」的批判。批评者认为,中国之所以愿意冒险对还款能力低的国家提供巨额基建融资,其动机是存心使非洲国家负债纍纍,在无力还款的情况下,最后被迫以其天然资源、国际政治影响力或军事据点等利益抵偿,而中国则不断出口基建或工业製品到非洲国家,形成类似传统殖民主义的资源掠夺状况。s
尤其中国融资的基建工程多由中国公司负责,甚少僱用当地人。而中国投资亦不太考虑当地政治体制,助长腐败官员中饱私囊,对当地人民毫无助益。s
欧美人士担心一带一路标榜的互惠互利,其实跟殖民之间只是一线之隔,有些非洲国家在更依赖中国投资后,背负沉重债务,要向中国作出更大让步,甚至最终演变成另类「殖民」。s
今年8月底马来西亚总理马哈蒂尔访问中国时,就提到了“新殖民主义”,习近平吸取了这一教训,转而在峰会中突出“中非命运共同体”这一概念。s
非洲领袖一致支持一带一路,中国网友却非常介意「凯子外交」政策,不满的批评「中国穷人都吃不饱了,政府还在打肿脸充胖子」,网民调侃「霸气,大国崛起」、「哪来的钱」、 「忍不住想骂」、「打肿脸充胖子」、「就算是牲口,也要先喂饱自己家的吧」。s
网友「刺客见闻」计算,中国将金援12亿人口非洲的600亿美元,相当于4100亿元人民币,为最穷两省西藏和青海省一年GDP的总和。而中国国务院今年稍早曾公布,预计2018年至2020年的3年时间,将新增2140亿人民币(9756亿台币)支持深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚,这个金额只有金援非洲600亿美元的一半;中国农村有超过4300万人的赤贫人口,日均收入不到6.3人民币。s

一篇名为「600亿美元是什麽概念」的文章,则是将600亿美元换算成4100亿人民币,表示这是全国财政用于最低生活保障支出的2.78倍,约为全国财政用于城乡居民基本养老保险补助的2倍,用于社会福利支出的6倍。s

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