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Tiananmen :“六四”天安门事件30週年 台湾总统蔡英文: 会守住民主自由

Tsai Hsiao-Ying
今年是中国“六四”天安门事件30週年,全球媒体从五月份开始就摩拳擦掌陆续做出了许多报导,从香港到欧美,六四事件隔天在北京长安街上隻身阻挡中国人民解放军坦克车队前进的坦克人,成为全世界对这个事件的集体记忆,“20世纪最持久的形象将再度永远烙印在世界的良知中”,讽刺的是,中国又一次自绝于世界之外,中共仍企图淡化“六四”真相,“六四”成为中国的最大禁忌,中国境内年轻一代不知有“六四”,年长一代禁声“六四”,再也不復见“人类良知与勇气向无情的国家机器挑战”的坦克人
1989年4月,前中共总书记胡耀邦去世,群众自发举行悼念活动,悼念活动后来变成大规模的示威游行,4月26日,中共官方《人民日报》发表题为《必须旗帜鲜明地反对动乱》社论,把八九学生民主运动定性为一场“动乱”,中共在6月4日凌晨下令军队向学生开枪,用武力驱赶佔领北京天安门广场的大学生,军事镇压造成重大伤亡。历史研究者吴仁华的统计,1989年6月4日前后,中国当局总共调动20万大军进入北京实施戒严,也因此酿成了震惊世人的“天安门大屠杀”
为试图抹去这段历史,每年这一时期,任何关于坦克、蜡烛等纪念图片和文字都无法在中国大陆的网络和社交媒体中传播,香港大学新闻及传媒研究中心副教授傅景华通过追踪10万多个微博帐号对此现象做学术研究,他发佈结果指出,2012年至2018年每年6月初,有上千条与“六四事件”相关的图片或文章被删除
“六四”30週年之际,香港新世纪出版社出版《最后的秘密——中共十三届四中“六四”结论文档》,27份文本组成,共209页,公布关于“六四”事件的党内机密文件,展现“六四”镇压后,中共“统一思想”的过程,揭露高层权力运作的机制
BBC报导,此书的重要意义在于可为之前面世的自传文献和其他官方文本,形成相互佐证,揭示在中共如何克服党章程序上的限制,强行罢免赵紫阳,合法化武力镇压学生运动,并在开枪后统一思想,为接下来中共的权力体系布局。这些从未公开的内部资料揭露了中共高层政治内幕。深入分析这批珍贵史料,可有助了解中共政权面临合法性危机时,身处中国最高权力小圈子的中共官员,如何主动或被迫忏悔、站队和表态,支持邓小平,批判赵紫阳
中国“六四”天安门事件,对中港台三地的民主进程与运动,都有所影响,但走出的道路,却大相径庭。中国的专制统治,在六四30周年之际,只见越趋严厉控管如欧威尔的《一九八四》,香港和台湾则视“六四事件”为中国大陆“专制政府”的对照标誌,来强化对民主的诉求,只是,香港在主权移交后,争取民主进程因中国的强势而变得举步维艰,台湾则在民主选举后更确立“台湾主体性”,自此,在民主自由的道路上要与中国分道扬镳
中国大陆自习近平上台后,进行权力更集中的专政统治,不仅严格管控政治运动,也控制媒体、教育,甚至连新兴的社群网络媒体都严禁封锁于自家牆内,经济蓬勃发展的结果并不如西方预期“中产阶级会推动民主和法治”,反而是人民自觉“去政治化”,中国社会距离民主自由愈来愈遥远
每年香港都会举办华人世界最大的纪念“六四事件”烛光晚会,当年,民众对于香港前途忧心忡忡,担心类似的镇压终有一天会在香港出现,2014年,香港为争取普选的黄雨伞佔领运动,当警方向示威者投放催泪弹时,“佔中三子”因有“六四事件”的前车之鑑,相信中共政权会杀人,担心警察开枪发生流血事件,以及解放军驻港部队出面干预,立即呼吁群众离开广场
香港“佔中”发起人戴耀廷判刑前接受BBC中文访问时,形容“六四事件”是“天安门之魂”,一直萦绕他那一代人。林耀强1989年曾在北京见证“六四”,亲眼目睹工人中枪流血,看着运动流血收场。学生的满腔热血最终换来血流首都,林耀强自言当年带来了信念上很大的冲击和崩溃,返回香港后,他身陷一种迷茫,需要花一段时间走出“六四事件”的阴影
“当我们不惜牺牲学业、家人、时间去做,或是建立事业,是因为我相信世界可以变好,但事实证明不是,事实是世界更黑暗”林耀强说,2014年的『雨伞运动』,年轻人相信可以改变命运,但结果不是,社会反而走向更封闭,感到失望是很正常的
天安门事件发生时,中共当局出动坦克车镇压民众的现场画面透过卫星直播传送到台湾观众眼中,台北曾出现过中正纪念堂前万人“声援六四”的壮观景象,高举“支持大陆同胞争民主自由”,在牆上贴满“支持大陆同胞罢工、罢学、罢市、罢生产,推翻暴政”,流泪民众“希望每位中国人有朝一日都能享有自由与民主”。晚上则由万名学生手持蜡烛点灯,替六四罹难的“大陆同胞”祈福
隔年,台湾也爆发了争取政治改革的“野百合学运”,几千名台湾学生集结在中正纪念堂广场上静坐,争取解散权力过大的国民大会,废除给予总统额外权力的条文等等,学生絶食与当权者谈判等画面犹如六四事件的翻版。结果学生与李登辉谈判后得到积极回应而决定退场,为台湾日后民主化进程奠下重要基础
在中国崛起后的飞弹打压下,1996年台湾举行首次总统选举选,之后实现政党轮替,自此走上民主的不归路,与中国大陆的一党专政统治渐行渐远
2014年3月,台湾发生佔领立法院的“太阳花学运”,学生反对中国与台湾的服贸协议,被视为两岸关係的一次考验。虽然这场运动带有强烈的反中情绪,但林飞帆、陈为廷等学运领袖,却有参加“六四”相关纪念活动,一度引起媒体关注
“六四事件”30年,两岸的情势与政治局面迥然不同,台湾当年愤慨激昂、痛哭流涕的画面不再,相对于香港,一般台湾民众并没有很热衷地悼念“六四”,但“六四”依然是提醒台湾民主有多重要的历史事件,正如“六四”后被中国政府通缉的王超华称,“太阳花学运”领袖纪念“六四”,反映两者之间有精神传承,也是对民主、普世价值的诉求
台湾为什麽会对“六四事件”冷淡? 华人民主书院董事曾建元指出,台湾学生30年前关注六四天安门事件是以一种“民族主义”情结、“关怀同胞”的角度,然而随着台湾民主蓬勃发展,台湾社会需要一段时间,去重新检视本土原来被忽视的问题与制度,国民党、民进党为了获得选民支持,也必须要把政策焦点放在台湾本身,从公共利益、经济发展、社会福利方面着手,所以台湾民主化这几十年来,中国议题就离台湾比较遥远,比较难以引起台湾人的关心
曾建元认为,但如今台湾社会开始有馀力重新检视两岸关係,台湾人对中国的关心再度提升了,不同的是,“现在台湾已经有自己的国族认同,基于国家利益必须克服中国大陆威胁,以及关怀普世人权价值”,而去关注中国议题。他表示,这是一种价值判断、理性选择的结果,不像当时的热情一下子就消散掉,但相信台湾对中国问题与亚洲区域和平的责任感,会因此更加坚定
这也呼应了台湾总统蔡英文在“六四”30週年时在脸书的话,她表示,要特别对所有爱好自由的香港朋友、中国朋友说一句加油。“也请你们放心,台湾绝对会守住民主、守住自由,无论威胁、渗透,只要她当一天总统,台湾绝对不会在压力下屈服
在脸书贴出一张“勿忘六四”漫画,并发文批评中共政府不仅没有打算反省当年的错误,还想继续掩盖真相
蔡英文在脸书贴出“自由就像空气,只会在窒息时,才会察觉到它的存在。勿忘六四。”漫画,并发文表示,一个国家文明与否,端视于政府怎么对待人民、怎么对待过去的错误。今年是“六四”三十周年,全世界的焦点,都在关注当年天安门前,上千名青年丧失宝贵生命的真相,以及现在中共对香港自由的侵蚀
她表示,几天前,前往香港参与六四纪念活动的当年学运领袖封从德,在机场遭到遣返。中共的国防部长,更向国际社会大肆宣称镇压和屠杀无辜人民是正确决定。这都显示出,中国政府不仅没有打算反省当年的错误,还想继续掩盖真相。“我相信全世界追求自由民主的人们,都不可能同意这样的做法”

“还有许许多多自由倒退的例子”,蔡英文说,都证明了“一国两制”下的香港,“一国”正不断侵蚀“两制”。这个现象,也凸显了民主和威权两种制度,并不可能共存在一个国家内部

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