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中国蛮横逼航空改中国台湾 国际官方反弹谴责

Tsai Hsiao-ying

中国官方民用航空局425日致函44家外国航空公司,要求纠正官网相关内容中 ”违反中国法律、违背一个中国政策的错误做法”,要求更改对台湾和港澳的称呼,不得将其列为独立国家。修改期限为30日内,以 525日为最后期限。s

中国政府的这项要求,引发国际间极大争议争议,欧盟、美国、澳洲等政府都陆续发表声明,谴责中国试图控管这些企业的网站,将剥夺外国企业本应享有的自由。s

美国特朗普政府更罕见地在声明中以Orwellian nonsense(欧威尔式胡言乱语)字眼形容中国的做法,白宫发言人桑德斯表示,反对中国“试图强迫私营企业使用特定政治性用语“,并呼吁中方停止威胁与胁迫美国的航空公司与人民。s

中国官方指称的”错误做法”是指这些外国航空公司在售票App或官网上将台湾列为独立国家,违反一个中国原则的问题,必须在台湾前面加上中国两字,变成 ”中国台湾”。s

大限之日”前,全球有18家航空公司低头接受更改台湾名称,24家因”技术原因”申请延期并承诺整改,完成时间最早为528日,最晚为725日,中国民用航空局已复函同意将期限再延2个月。s

中国航空专家张宝鑫表示,对于逾期仍不做修改的外国航空公司,中国管理部门研拟祭出两项制裁措施,有可能对它们在中国的航权有所限制,或依法下架它们在中国市场的app等订票系统。s

中国政府要求多间航空公司写明台湾是中国的一部分,欧盟、美国、澳洲等政府都陆续发表谴责声明。s

欧盟对外事务部(EEAS)表示在中国领土外,私人企业和个人向来依其法令管理其自身网站,欧盟尊重这一点,盼其他国家也尊重这样的做法。s

欧盟强调,中国试图控管这些企业的网站,将剥夺外国企业本应享有的自由。欧盟指出,欧盟在其自身的”一中政策”下,将致力继续发展与台湾的关係,并支持台湾的民主。s

特朗普政府则敦促包括美国联航(United Airlines)在内的各航空公司抵制中国将”台湾”的标示变更为”中国台湾”的要求,并要求他们回复中国:”台湾问题应该由美国和中国政府来处理。”s

白宫此一动作已被认为是美中摩擦日益加剧的最新例证,亦恐加剧美中在台湾议题上的嫌隙。s

美国国务院也发表声明称,航空企业必须要有社会责任,坚决抵制中国大陆这种无理要求。联邦参议院跨党派议员519日更联名致函美国航空和联合航空,表达支持美国政府与两家航空公司一起反对中国大陆政府”长臂”霸凌美国企业。s

《美国华盛顿邮报》专栏作家罗金(Josh Rogin55日公开了中国民航局发给联合航空的信件,要求联合航空在涉及港澳台地区的表述时,须遵守4项规定。s

1在“国别”或“国别/地区”中,不应将台湾与中国并列,且称台湾为“中国台湾”或“中国台湾地区”;s

2网站中的中国地图必须包含台湾,且用同样的颜色识别;s

3目的地如按国家分类,“中国”及“台湾”不应并列,如区分地区,可称“中国航点”、“中国台湾(地区)航点”;s

4网站不应将台湾归入其他地理区域,应归入中国目录。s

信件又要求在30天内完成整改并提交报告,否则大陆民航局将依据《民航行业信用管理办法》进行惩戒,并列入严重失信行为纪录,同时将其情况转交大陆网信办等部门依法采取行政处罚。s

中国民航局今年元月曾因为达美航空将台湾在官网上列入国家而惩处达美,达美因此道歉。s

两位了解白宫内部反应的人士表示,当达美航空今年早些时候就其网站上将台湾和西藏都列为国家向中国道歉时,美国官员相当愤怒。因此,特朗普政府似乎有意在这个问题上与中国对抗,而不管本国航空公司的看法。s

不过,已有多数航空公司着眼中国市场利益而将原本列为国家栏目的台湾名称改成”中国台湾”,并密切关注着未来在中国市场的增长机遇。s

大陆外交部表示,无论美方“讲什么话”,都改变不了“一个中国”的客观事实,又指在华经营的外国企业应尊重中国的主权和领土完整。s

中国官方媒体新华社发表评论,直指若外国企业在华经营,就要尊重中国主权和领土完整,”不能一边赚着中国人民的钱,一边做伤害中国人民感情的事”,还报导强调,中国民用航空局将密切关注上述航空公司的整改情况,并依法保障外国航空公司在中国展开航空客货运输业务的权利。s

不只发函国际航空公司,中国还发函国际航空运输协会(The International Air Transport Association ),不过却被对方以”此事由航空业者基于市场考量自行决定”为由拒绝。IATA作为国际性、中立的航空运输机构,并未因中国威胁,丧失该有的公正性、决策能力;其已表明不会插手、不会遵从中国要求,强迫业者改变。s

日本航空(JAL)、全日空(ANA)在官网上,将「台湾」更改为「中国台湾」,不过在知名日台研究专家台湾研究论坛会长永山英树发起联署活动,这两间航空公司在不到24小时内,立即将中国台湾全数撤除,永山英树特别用中文表示”台湾是台湾人民的,不要卖给外国了”。s

永山英树7日于脸书发文指出,这两间主要的日本航空公司,却屈服于中国民航局的威胁,将台湾标示为中国领土的一部份,这样是放弃良知、正义的行为,并对台湾客人是一种伤害,并且附上日航、全日空的联络资讯,请民众一起要求航空公司更正。s

不到24小时,日航、全日空就将原先标注台湾后方的中国撤除,继续将台湾列为国家。永山英树8日在脸书上发文报喜,表示在开始正名活动不到24小时,就完成了更正,感受到了日本企业的良知,不仅鬆了一口气,也感到宽慰,更感谢参与正名请愿运动的每个人。s

台湾舆论则认为中国此举意图”矮化”台湾、削弱台湾在国际事务上的话语权。s

总统蔡英文表示,中国大陆常以强迫改名方式,干扰各国民间公司,要求更改台湾名称,这是徒增反感的鲁莽行为,并严正地告诉中国大陆立刻停止这种损人不利己的作为。s

外交部指称,中国透过政治影响力”粗暴干预民间商业行为及国际企业营运”;中国的做法是”欧威尔主义”(Orwellism),藉由严厉执行政治宣传、监视、故意提供虚假资料、否认事实、製造”非人”,把一个人过去的存在从公共记录和记忆中消除以控制社会。s

外交部认为,中国的蛮横行径实已危及国际社会的普世价值,盼各国政府与企业能秉持道德勇气、正义原则,共同抵制中国政治力介入企业、国际商贸活动的恶劣行径,勿轻言屈服中国的无理要求。s

根据《苹果》报导,检视民航局资料中,定期航班飞台的外籍、陆籍航空公司的订票系统,外籍航空共有41间,有19家航空公司仍将台北(TPE)列为台湾,9间航空公司将台北标示在中国,13家航空公司则未显示TPE机场所在国家,仅列出机场简称或其所在的亚洲地区位置。s

对此,总统府发言人黄重谚表示,国际上许多企业拒绝配合中国打压,”我们由衷感谢。”他指出,毫无疑问地,台湾就是一个国家;对于民主自由的坚定信念,台湾人民的热情、国家的丰富多元,让台湾始终是国际社会足以信任、受欢迎的好朋友,”这一点,不是任何透过威胁、恐吓手段,或者企图将台湾的名字从网路上就能改变。”他强调,各种中国打压行为,越是蛮横、就越激发国际的反感,也更强化国际对台湾的支持。s

中国靠其经济力量,试图加强对他国、或外国企业控制力的行爲,已不是新闻。s

经济学人杂誌3月就以”西方如何看错中国”为封面故事报导指出,在苏联解体后,西方国家欢迎了中国加入全球经济秩序。西方领导人认为,让中国参与世界贸易组织(WTO)等机构,能让中国遵从二战后建立的一套国际规则,并希望经济一体化能鼓励中国进入市场经济,随着中国经济越来越富裕,人民就会追求民主、自由、权利及法治。s

经济学人认为,中国虽然愿意採用部分西方规则,但亦同时发展一套自己的平行制度,一带一路正是一例。尤其,中国在提出修宪后,由专制(autocracy)走向独裁(dictatorship),”中国的这一重大变化,证明了西方对中国25年的赌注失败”。

《经济学人》在去年1219日的报道就指出,中国的锐实力可以比作是一把“能穿透文化壁垒,改变西方价值观的利刃”。软实力是利用文化和价值观来加强一个国家对外的影响;锐实力则是专权国家对外国强加它的意愿和操控民意。s

文章分析认为,中国通过渗透其他国家,企图控制西方国家的意见领袖。在澳大利亚和纽西兰,中国的资金涉嫌收买政治影响力,对政党或对个别从政者捐献。另有些学者因为曾经批评中国而被拒出席某些论坛或被邀为讲者,有些学者则避免对若干被中国视为敏感的题目进行研究。s

经济学人认为,美国总统特朗普应重新审视对中政策,”容忍不当行为、并奢望中国会变得更好,这是不合理的。西方勉强容忍中国滥权的时间越长,将来挑战他们的危险就越大”。s

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