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一整代中国专家的误判与觉醒 : 美学者发表批中报告

Tsai Hsiao-Ying
美国总统特朗普与中共国家主席习近平在阿根廷见面前夕,美国学界发表长篇报告,详述中国如何渗透操弄美国政商学界,并强调,这是「一整代中国专家学者的误判与觉醒,他们曾自认在帮中国走上世界舞台,到头来却发现出现了严重失误」
2019年1月1日将是中美建交40周年纪念日,在这之前,已有美国国防外交界对中共和中国提出警示,以及副总统潘斯在右派智库哈德逊研究所演讲揭橥官方对中共全方位扩张与对美国影响的隐忧,美国学界则在纪念日前一个月提出警告。这是对当前美中关係与未来发展最彻底、最全面的意见书s
史丹福大学胡佛研究所与纽约亚洲协会29日以视讯座谈方式共同公布这份报告。报告撰写人为胡佛研究所戴雅门(Larry Diamond)与亚洲协会美中关係中心主任夏伟(Orville Schell),以及包括法兰西斯・福山在内的30多位学者专家,共192页,费时一年半完成,题目是「中国影响力及美国利益:倡导建设性警惕」(Chinese Influence & American Interests: Promoting Constructive Vigilance)s
报告详细讲述从中国从低调的和平堀起的路线,转移挑战美国,以及中国政府利用美国自由环境,大肆作出讯息及文化影响,抢夺美国在世界领导的话语权s
这份报告指出,中国利用巨大资金支持,渗透美国教育机构、政治和华人社团,寻求利用美国民主制度的开放,挑战或甚至损害美国的核心自由、规范和法律,破坏民主价值,包括美国和世界各地的言论自由权,影响美国大学、媒体和智库等民主程序s
报告指出,中国政府试图控制35万美国留学中国学生的政治观点、中国当局为在美华文媒体业务提供补贴以唱好中国,在美国增加官方媒体英文节目,併购曾为华裔服务的独立中文报纸和数位出版物,以及秘密与美国国会、州、地方政府中进行公关活动打关係。报告又详细指出,中国的学者、记者、媒体公司如何尝尽美国的方便之门,但反之美国进入中国则受到严格对待,甚至阻止前往中国s
报告指出,中国政府对中国留学生进行施压,并要求他们在美国校园中监视同是在学的中国人。中国驻美大使馆透过中国学生学者联谊会(CSAA),进行搜集讯息与协调活动,并要求中国学者在校园宣示中国的优秀,并对中国不友好的活动如讨论西藏、台湾或人权情况的演讲提出抗议,随后更会联繫大学要求批评中国的活动不再发生。如果发现有中国学生「思变」,便会以他们家人的人生安全作威胁「灭声」s
报告还说,北京这种多元化的渗透与影响,论广度与深度,远远超过俄罗斯对美国选举的干涉和影响。报告也呼吁美国政府,对于中国的行动应该加大审查力道s
台湾《上报》报导,戴雅门发布报告时表示,中国自邓小平年代提出「改革开放、和平堀起」后,就一直採取低调态度以此逐步国际化。《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)更认为在不久之前,带着资本家及基督教精神的美国学者均认为,跟中国接触支持他们走向国际化是一件好事。美国在中国的现代化中一直扮演独且关键的角色,并试图好好管理中国的崛起。许多美国人更认为中国体制会随着现代化,不可避免地与西方的体制趋同融合s
然而,自2012年习近平上台后情况却慢慢改变,习近平的政策试图重新定义中国在世界上的地位,并提出一种「中国解决」的模式,一种比自由民主更「解决」问题的模式。从南海军事化、国内镇压异己、向国外华人灌输重商主义,到将愈来愈多美国人开始怀疑,中国政府不仅想成为西方的竞争对手,而是将冷战时苏联思想斗争的手段重新堀起,以成为一个真正军事经济政治强国s
戴雅门认为,美国人一直自以为知道中国通过外交、经济、军事力量来增强国际影响力,但是却忽略北京当局透过讯息及文化对影响美国来破坏民主。其中包括渗透华裔美国人的社区、对在美中国留学生、美国民间组织、学术机关及媒体,以「隐蔽,胁迫或腐败」的方法来压迫个人及媒体,以影响美国正常政治运作s
戴雅门又指出,不必夸大中国干预美国全国大选威胁程度,他们初心是希望培养两国之间的友谊,同时防止华裔美国人遭受如「麦卡锡」年代般被歧视的情况再次出现,间接否定特朗普声称中国影响美国中期大选。但是随着两国随着外交经济安全领域出现多种磨擦,中国对美国开始呈现令人担忧的对抗态度。愈来愈多证据指出,中国共产党认为美国的言论、新闻、集会、宗教、社团自由的宣扬与辩解都是挑战共产党的一党专政s
许多美国媒体指出,参与撰写这份报告的专家,有很多人曾极力主张与中国接触, 他们对中国怀有深厚情感,甚至曾盼望中国进行自由化改革。《华盛顿邮报》报导这份「由杰出学者」执笔的报告是一批长期以来鼓吹与北京积极交往的亲中学者「变节」,「这是一整世代中国专家的梦幻崩灭」,这些人「都深信他们过去一直在帮助中国融入世界舞台,但没想到这项计画完全走样」s
《世界日报》也发表社论指出,从这份报告历时一年半完成来看,美国学界对中共、中国的忧心不是一天两天的事,也不是特朗普总统上台以后的事(再提醒一次,川普代表的是病发,病症已存在一阵子了),而是美国产官学界乃至牺牲于「全球化」浪潮的美国蓝领阶级,都已察觉到不仅是中国的存在,而且产生了威胁。至少自欧巴马政府最后两年,对中共种种作为都产生厌恶感无力感,都感觉到被中共套杀,但又不知道如何挣脱,直到特朗普出现s
两名领衔作者均是「中国通」资深学者,戴雅门为着名美国政治社会学学者,多年来研究中国事务,现任为美国国民基金会《民主期刊》主编。而夏伟更是自上年纪60年代便开始研究中国及亚洲的资深学者,历年来出版多本关于中国的着作s
许多专家学者都是过去尼克森「打开中国大门」以来美中关係的呵护者,有的是「中国人民的朋友」。包括1971年陪同美国国务卿季辛吉(Henry Kissinger)秘密访问北京,建交后成为美国驻中大使的罗德(Winston Lord)为中国对西方的开放铺平了道路。欧巴马(Barack Obama)时期白宫国安会议亚洲事务主任麦艾文(Eva Medeiros)。其他着名学者、专家与前官员还包括戴雅门、葛来仪、沉大伟等s
「我们不是反对中国人民」,罗德表示,「但是,我们所有人对中国走势变得很悲观,同时感觉到我们正处于中美关係的十字路口。」。但学者易明(Elizabeth Economy)与谢淑丽(Susan Shirk)就认为,不应夸大这种影响和干涉,因为证据不足s

「这一群都不是反中学者。」有不具名的学者表示报告提出后,对美国将会是一个深远的转变

美国国防部承包商SOS international 中国经济间谍专家的毛文杰(James Mulvenon)表示,「这说明了整整一代的中国通专家对中国的幻想已经破灭,一开始以为自己帮助国际走向历史舞台,但发现原来是大错特错的s

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